abstract：:All organisms must adapt to changing nutrient availability, with nutrient surplus promoting glucose metabolism and nutrient deficit promoting alternative fuels (in mammals, mainly free fatty acids). A major function of glucose-sensing neurons in the hypothalamus is to regulate blood glucose. When these neurons sense g...

journal_title：Endocrinology and metabolism clinics of North America

authors： Moreno C,Yang L,Dacks P,Isoda F,Poplawski M,Mobbs CV

更新日期：2013-03-01 00:00:00

abstract：:This review provides an overview of the safety of growth hormone replacement therapy in individuals previously treated for cancer. The review focuses on the risk of disease recurrence and second neoplasm occurrence with special attention to data on childhood cancer survivors. ...

journal_title：Endocrinology and metabolism clinics of North America

authors： Chemaitilly W,Robison LL

更新日期：2012-12-01 00:00:00

abstract：:The presence of vitamin D receptors in diverse tissues like immune cells, beta-cells in the pancreas, and cardiac myocytes has prompted research to evaluate the impact of vitamin D deficiency on the occurrence of immune diseases, diabetes, and cardiovascular disease (CVD). The expression of receptors not only in norma...

journal_title：Endocrinology and metabolism clinics of North America

authors： Wolden-Kirk H,Gysemans C,Verstuyf A,Mathieu C

更新日期：2012-09-01 00:00:00

abstract：:Specific lesions of the growth hormone (GH)/insulin-like growth factor (IGF) axis have been identified in humans, each of which has distinctive auxologic and biochemical features. Measures of circulating IGF-I are useful in diagnosing growth disorders in childhood and in evaluating response to GH therapy. Recombinant ...

journal_title：Endocrinology and metabolism clinics of North America

authors： Backeljauw PF,Chernausek SD

更新日期：2012-06-01 00:00:00

abstract：:Health care providers and patients have lots of choice to treat type 2 diabetes, but the blood glucose improvement is limited. The one therapy with unlimited potential (at least theoretically) is insulin. Many studies show that glucose control is achievable with insulin safely in most patients with type 2 diabetes. Ef...

journal_title：Endocrinology and metabolism clinics of North America

authors： Leahy JL

更新日期：2012-03-01 00:00:00

abstract：:Adrenal disorders may manifest during pregnancy de novo, or before pregnancy undiagnosed or diagnosed and treated. Adrenal disorders may present as hormonal hypofunction or hyperfunction, or with mass effects or other nonendocrine effects. Pregnancy presents special problems in the evaluation of the hypothalamic-pitui...

journal_title：Endocrinology and metabolism clinics of North America

authors： Abdelmannan D,Aron DC

更新日期：2011-12-01 00:00:00

abstract：:Estrogen deficiency at menopause is associated with increased risk of bone loss and osteoporosis. Aromatase inhibitors (AIs) are increasingly being used for the treatment of postmenopausal hormone-sensitive breast cancer because of better disease-free survival compared with tamoxifen seen in clinical trials with AIs. ...

journal_title：Endocrinology and metabolism clinics of North America

authors： Mirza FS

更新日期：2011-09-01 00:00:00

abstract：:Glucocorticoid-remediable aldosteronism (GRA) is a hereditary form of primary hyperaldosteronism and the most common monogenic cause of hypertension. A chimeric gene duplication leads to ectopic aldosterone synthase activity in the cortisol-producing zona fasciculata of the adrenal cortex, under the regulation of adre...

journal_title：Endocrinology and metabolism clinics of North America

authors： Halperin F,Dluhy RG

更新日期：2011-06-01 00:00:00

abstract：:Neuroendocrine tumors (NETs) are rare, slow-growing neoplasms characterized by their ability to store and secrete different peptides and neuroamines. Some of these substances cause specific clinical syndromes whereas others are not associated with specific syndromes or symptom complexes. NETs usually have episodic exp...

journal_title：Endocrinology and metabolism clinics of North America

authors： Vinik AI,Gonzales MR

更新日期：2011-03-01 00:00:00

abstract：:Neuroendocrine tumors (NETs) are rare neoplasms found in diverse locations within the body. These tumors are commonly classified by the primary tumor's location, further subclassified by their differentiation, and finally segregated by their ability to hypersecrete peptides or amines. A number of groups have summarize...

journal_title：Endocrinology and metabolism clinics of North America

authors： Joseph S,Wang YZ,Boudreaux JP,Anthony LB,Campeau R,Raines D,O'Dorisio T,Go VL,Vinik AI,Cundiff J,Woltering EA

更新日期：2011-03-01 00:00:00

abstract：:Nonneoplastic and neoplastic proliferative lesions of endocrine cells of the gastrointestinal tract are detailed. A multistep continuum from hyperplasia, dysplasia to neoplasia is identified for histamine-producing enterochromaffin-like (ECL) cells of the gastric corpus. Most gastric neuroendocrine tumors (NETs) are s...

journal_title：Endocrinology and metabolism clinics of North America

authors： Rindi G,Inzani F,Solcia E

更新日期：2010-12-01 00:00:00

abstract：:This article discusses recent evidence that associates the developing intestinal microbiome to the pathogenesis of autoimmune T1D. It attempts to identify avenues that should be pursued that relate this new evidence to interventions that eventually could result in prevention. ...

journal_title：Endocrinology and metabolism clinics of North America

authors： Neu J,Lorca G,Kingma SD,Triplett EW

更新日期：2010-09-01 00:00:00

abstract：:The actions of the vitamin D hormone 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D(3) (1,25(OH)(2)D(3)) are mediated by the vitamin D receptor (VDR), a ligand-activated transcription factor that functions to control gene expression. After ligand activation, the VDR binds directly to specific sequences located near promoters and recruits a ...

journal_title：Endocrinology and metabolism clinics of North America

authors： Pike JW,Meyer MB

更新日期：2010-06-01 00:00:00

abstract：:Calcitriol (1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D(3)), the hormonally active form of vitamin D, exerts growth inhibitory and prodifferentiating effects on many malignant cells and retards tumor growth in animal models. Calcitriol is being evaluated as an anticancer agent in several human cancers. The mechanisms underlying the antic...

journal_title：Endocrinology and metabolism clinics of North America

authors： Krishnan AV,Trump DL,Johnson CS,Feldman D

更新日期：2010-06-01 00:00:00

abstract：:The Athlete Biological Passport (ABP) is an individual electronic document that collects data regarding a specific athlete that is useful in differentiating between natural physiologic variations of selected biomarkers and deviations caused by artificial manipulations. A subsidiary of the endocrine module of the ABP, ...

journal_title：Endocrinology and metabolism clinics of North America

authors： Sottas PE,Saugy M,Saudan C

更新日期：2010-03-01 00:00:00

abstract：:Duplex/color Doppler sonography (US) is the imaging modality of choice for the evaluation of patients with primary amenorrhea. Careful correlation with clinical history, physical examination and laboratory findings significantly narrows the diagnostic possibilities thus allowing for a more precise diagnosis. This arti...

journal_title：Endocrinology and metabolism clinics of North America

authors： Rosenberg HK

更新日期：2009-12-01 00:00:00

abstract：:In the last few years, there have been remarkable advances in the development of new and more sophisticated genetic techniques. These have allowed a better understanding of the molecular mechanisms of genetically determined pediatric endocrine disorders and are paving the way for a radical change in diagnosis and trea...

journal_title：Endocrinology and metabolism clinics of North America

authors： Tenore A,Driul D

更新日期：2009-09-01 00:00:00

abstract：:CD4 + CD25 + regulatory T (TR) lymphocytes are essential to the maintenance of immunologic tolerance in the host. The discovery of Foxp3 as a transcription factor essential to the differentiation of TR ushered in detailed studies of the molecular mechanisms of TR cell development, peripheral homeostasis, and effector ...

journal_title：Endocrinology and metabolism clinics of North America

authors： Chatila TA

更新日期：2009-06-01 00:00:00

abstract：:The autoimmune polyendocrinopathy syndromes are variable in presentation and can be challenging to diagnose and manage. Diagnosis of the type 1 autoimmune polyendocrinopathy syndrome can be difficult at an early age when often only one manifestation is present, and it may take years for others to appear. Increased awa...

journal_title：Endocrinology and metabolism clinics of North America

authors： Owen CJ,Cheetham TD

更新日期：2009-06-01 00:00:00

abstract：:Low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-C) level currently is used as the major determinant of lipid- and lipoprotein-associated risk for ischemic cardiovascular disease, and varying levels have become the standard goals of lipid-altering treatment. The predictive value of the LDL-C cholesterol level, however, often ...

journal_title：Endocrinology and metabolism clinics of North America

authors： Lau JF,Smith DA

更新日期：2009-03-01 00:00:00

abstract：:Dyslipidemia now is recognized as a significant potential adverse event in HIV-infected patients who are receiving antiretroviral therapy. HIV-infected persons who have hyperlipidemia should be managed similarly to those without HIV infection in accordance with the National Cholesterol Education Program. Providers mus...

journal_title：Endocrinology and metabolism clinics of North America

authors： Aberg JA

更新日期：2009-03-01 00:00:00

abstract：:Only two drugs are currently approved for long-term use in the treatment of obesity and four others for short-term use. Evaluating the risk-benefit profile is an essential first step. For individuals who have a low body mass index for whom the risk is small, the risk profile must make the drug acceptable for almost ev...

journal_title：Endocrinology and metabolism clinics of North America

authors： Bray GA

更新日期：2008-12-01 00:00:00

abstract：:Insulin resistance in skeletal muscle is a major hallmark of type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2D) and obesity that is characterized by impaired insulin-mediated glucose transport and glycogen synthesis and by increased intramyocellular content of lipid metabolites. Several studies have provided evidence for mitochondrial dy...

journal_title：Endocrinology and metabolism clinics of North America

authors： Højlund K,Mogensen M,Sahlin K,Beck-Nielsen H

更新日期：2008-09-01 00:00:00

abstract：:The close genotype-phenotype relationship that characterizes thyroid oncology stimulated the authors to address this article by using a mixed, genetic and phenotypic approach. As such, this article addresses the following aspects of intragenic mutations in thyroid cancer: thyroid stimulating hormone receptor and guani...

journal_title：Endocrinology and metabolism clinics of North America

authors： Sobrinho-Simões M,Máximo V,Rocha AS,Trovisco V,Castro P,Preto A,Lima J,Soares P

更新日期：2008-06-01 00:00:00

abstract：:Historically, systemic therapies for advanced, metastatic thyroid carcinomas have been poorly effective. However, as a result of a confluence of increasing knowledge of the biologic basis for thyroid cancer development and progression, identification of therapeutic agents that could target these biologic abnormalities...

journal_title：Endocrinology and metabolism clinics of North America

authors： Sherman SI

更新日期：2008-06-01 00:00:00

abstract：:Surgical intervention is a necessary part of a multimodal approach to pituitary lesions. This article summarizes the surgical approach to different neoplastic processes affecting the sellar region. ...

journal_title：Endocrinology and metabolism clinics of North America

authors： Chandler WF,Barkan AL

更新日期：2008-03-01 00:00:00

abstract：:This article describes the technical aspects and the clinical results of conventional radiotherapy and modern stereotactic radiotherapy for pituitary adenomas. Systematic review of the published literature provides a factual basis for the comparison and the selection of appropriate radiation technique in patients who ...

journal_title：Endocrinology and metabolism clinics of North America

authors： Brada M,Jankowska P

更新日期：2008-03-01 00:00:00

abstract：:Osteoporosis is prevalent in transplant recipients and is related to pre- and post-transplantation factors. Low bone density and fractures may antedate transplantation, related to traditional risk factors for osteoporosis, effects of chronic illness, and end-stage organ failure and its therapy, on the skeleton. Bone l...

journal_title：Endocrinology and metabolism clinics of North America

authors： Stein E,Ebeling P,Shane E

更新日期：2007-12-01 00:00:00

abstract：:Laboratory tests are the most commonly used aids in the diagnosis and monitoring of individuals who have thyroid disease. This article briefly summarizes the common methods of laboratory testing relating to thyroid disease and discusses specific information for individual tests on methods of analysis, their limitation...

journal_title：Endocrinology and metabolism clinics of North America

authors： Dufour DR

更新日期：2007-09-01 00:00:00

abstract：:This article summarizes the clinical features and molecular pathogenesis of medullary thyroid cancer (MTC) and focuses on the current use of molecular, biochemical, and imaging disease markers as a basis for selection of appropriate therapy. Clinicians treating patients who have MTC face the following challenges: (1) ...

journal_title：Endocrinology and metabolism clinics of North America

authors： Ball DW

更新日期：2007-09-01 00:00:00

abstract：:Weight gain can be a significant barrier to the treatment of diabetes. Insulin detemir is a basal insulin analog that can help patients move safely toward glycemic targets with less weight gain. This review discusses the potential adverse effects of, and hypothesis for, weight gain resulting from intensive insulin man...

journal_title：Endocrinology and metabolism clinics of North America

authors： Bush MA

更新日期：2007-08-01 00:00:00

abstract：:There are several objectives to be achieved during the diagnostic evaluation of a male partner of an infertile partnership. The first is to identify whether or not there is a male factor present and, if so, whether this is attributable to an underlying medical illness. The second is to identify the cause of reduced ma...

journal_title：Endocrinology and metabolism clinics of North America

authors： Jarow JP

更新日期：2007-06-01 00:00:00

abstract：:A wide variety of medications, devices, and surgical interventions are available to patients who have ED. These range from first-line oral agents to second-line therapy with injections or vacuum devices to third-line options, such as penile prosthesis implantation. In this article, we cover available treatments for er...

journal_title：Endocrinology and metabolism clinics of North America

authors： Brant WO,Bella AJ,Lue TF

更新日期：2007-06-01 00:00:00

abstract：:With modern growth hormone (GH) replacement algorithms, children with a diagnosis of growth hormone deficiency achieve at the end of pediatric GH treatment an adult height that is on the average in the normal range. Recent experience with GH replacement in young adults with childhood-onset growth hormone deficiency, h...

journal_title：Endocrinology and metabolism clinics of North America

authors： Attanasio AF,Shalet SM

更新日期：2007-03-01 00:00:00

abstract：:Thyroid storm represents the extreme manifestation of thyrotoxicosis as a true endocrine emergency. Although Grave's disease is the most common underlying disorder in thyroid storm, there is usually a precipitating event or condition that transform the patient into life-threatening thyrotoxicosis. Treatment of thyroid...

journal_title：Endocrinology and metabolism clinics of North America

authors： Nayak B,Burman K

更新日期：2006-12-01 00:00:00

abstract：:This article summarizes the effects of catecholamines and vasopressin on the cardiovascular system, focusing on their metabolic and immunologic properties. Particular attention is dedicated to the septic shock condition. ...

journal_title：Endocrinology and metabolism clinics of North America

authors： Bassi G,Radermacher P,Calzia E

更新日期：2006-12-01 00:00:00

abstract：:Ethnicity is a complex yet important construct and an independent risk factor for diabetic heart disease (DHD) with paramount clinical significance. Clinicians should try to better understand the role of ethnicity through more questions. The risk of DHD is modified by ethnicity through more questions. The risk of DHD ...

journal_title：Endocrinology and metabolism clinics of North America

authors： Dave JK,Kamdar VV

更新日期：2006-09-01 00:00:00

abstract：:The most recent elucidation of an inherited disorder of the pancreas concerns the Johanson-Blizzard syndrome (JBS). Positional cloning identified loss-of-function mutations in the UBRI gene on the long arm of chromosome 15 to be the cause of JBS in more than a dozen patients. In patients with JBS the absence of UBRI r...

journal_title：Endocrinology and metabolism clinics of North America

authors： Zenker M,Mayerle J,Reis A,Lerch MM

更新日期：2006-06-01 00:00:00

abstract：:The 3243A>G mutation in mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) is a genetic variant that is associated with a high risk of developing diabetes during life. Enhanced aging of pancreatic beta-cells, a reduced capacity of these cells to synthesize large amounts of insulin,and a resetting of the ATP/ADP-regulated K-channel seem to be ...

journal_title：Endocrinology and metabolism clinics of North America

authors： Maassen JA,Jahangir Tafrechi RS,Janssen GM,Raap AK,Lemkes HH,'t Hart LM

更新日期：2006-06-01 00:00:00

abstract：:The diagnostic term, idiopathic short stature, has emerged over the past 30 years and refers to children with short stature of unknown etiology. Controversy exists regarding the scope of the diagnosis and options for its treatment. This article reviews origins of the diagnosis idiopathic short stature and current diag...

journal_title：Endocrinology and metabolism clinics of North America

authors： Gubitosi-Klug RA,Cuttler L

更新日期：2005-09-01 00:00:00